伴隨我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)城(cheng)市居住人口總量(liang)的(de)迅猛提升(sheng)以及工(gong)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)產的(de)快速(su)發(fa)展，令(ling)排放(fang)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)總量(liang)不(bu)斷增加(jia)、并呈現(xian)出較為(wei)(wei)(wei)嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)現(xian)象，該問(wen)題在全(quan)國(guo)(guo)各地均有所涉及。由此不(bu)難看出!我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)問(wen)題較為(wei)(wei)(wei)嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)區域(yu)。再(zai)加(jia)上污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)工(gong)作產業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展起步(bu)相對(dui)較晚，同時提速(su)較為(wei)(wei)(wei)緩慢(man)，應用(yong)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)較為(wei)(wei)(wei)滯后。在應用(yong)一(yi)(yi)體(ti)化(hua)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統與(yu)裝置(zhi)(zhi)前期、我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)手(shou)段水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)平仍舊較低。面(mian)對(dui)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)問(wen)題逐(zhu)步(bu)嚴(yan)(yan)峻(jun)的(de)現(xian)狀、處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)市場(chang)逐(zhu)步(bu)實(shi)現(xian)了飛速(su)發(fa)展，為(wei)(wei)(wei)符合我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)該行業(ye)(ye)領域(yu)的(de)需(xu)(xu)要、促(cu)進一(yi)(yi)體(ti)化(hua)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統工(gong)藝與(yu)裝置(zhi)(zhi)誕生(sheng)。自引入(ru)一(yi)(yi)體(ti)化(hua)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統進行生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)以來，我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)導致的(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)問(wen)題得(de)到了明顯的(de)改善。由整體(ti)層(ceng)面(mian)來講(jiang)，我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)正面(mian)臨著(zhu)時代(dai)變(bian)革(ge)。從規模較小、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)平不(bu)高、種類單一(yi)(yi)、無(wu)法符合需(xu)(xu)求的(de)狀況發(fa)展形(xing)成了具備一(yi)(yi)定規模、技(ji)(ji)術(shu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)平持續提升(sheng)、不(bu)斷進步(bu)、各類處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)工(gong)藝逐(zhu)步(bu)更(geng)新，裝置(zhi)(zhi)質量(liang)有效提升(sheng)的(de)全(quan)新局(ju)面(mian)、不(bu)斷滿足國(guo)(guo)民經濟建設發(fa)展的(de)需(xu)(xu)要、在處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)裝置(zhi)(zhi)投入(ru)應用(yong)以來、我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)工(gong)作需(xu)(xu)要逐(zhu)步(bu)拜(bai)托對(dui)國(guo)(guo)際行業(ye)(ye)市場(chang)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)依賴性、實(shi)現(xian)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)藝與(yu)裝置(zhi)(zhi)的(de)真(zhen)正自給。
同時由(you)于大(da)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)型(xing)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)廠(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規模效應，大(da)型(xing)化(hua)(hua)長期以(yi)來一直是污(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)方向(xiang)。近年(nian)來，由(you)于大(da)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)型(xing)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)廠(chang)投資(zi)大(da)，占(zhan)地(di)大(da)，需要配套建設(she)龐大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)收集(ji)(ji)管網等(deng)缺(que)點，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小型(xing)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)工(gong)藝(yi)開始成為污(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)工(gong)藝(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要發展(zhan)方向(xiang)。污(wu)(wu)水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)處(chu)(chu)理(li)正在從集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)化(hua)(hua)走向(xiang)分散(san)化(hua)(hua)，從大(da)規模集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)式(shi)向(xiang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小規模分散(san)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)轉變中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。“以(yi)大(da)型(xing)為主，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小型(xing)互補”的(de)(de)(de)(de)布局符合(he)我國國情和發展(zhan)形勢廢氣處(chu)(chu)理(li)公司，也為一體化(hua)(hua)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)和發展(zhan)提供了新的(de)(de)(de)(de)契機。
一體化污水處理(li)系(xi)統(tong)工(gong)藝特點：
傳統活性污(wu)泥工藝是目前應用(yong)最廣泛的(de)(de)城市生活污(wu)水(shui)(shui)處理工藝，該工藝大(da)多(duo)采用(yong)分建式的(de)(de)重力式沉(chen)淀池(chi)作為活性污(wu)泥混合液固液分離的(de)(de)手段，不(bu)僅(jin)占(zhan)地面(mian)積(ji)(ji)大(da)，而且(qie)還產生了許多(duo)其他問題:①由于沉(chen)淀池(chi)固液分離的(de)(de)效率不(bu)高(gao)，曝氣池(chi)內的(de)(de)污(wu)泥濃(nong)度難以(yi)維持較(jiao)高(gao)水(shui)(shui)平，致使處理裝置的(de)(de)容積(ji)(ji)負荷低，傳氧效率低，能耗高(gao);②處理出(chu)水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)質不(bu)夠理想且(qie)不(bu)夠穩定，難以(yi)達標排放;③剩余(yu)污(wu)泥產量(liang)大(da)，污(wu)泥處理成本高(gao);④管(guan)理操作復雜，維護成本高(gao)。
與(yu)之相(xiang)(xiang)比，一(yi)體(ti)(ti)化(hua)污水處理(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)則有(you)(you)許(xu)多(duo)優(you)(you)勢: (1)構(gou)(gou)筑物少(shao)(shao)(shao)，基建(jian)投資小(xiao)。一(yi)體(ti)(ti)化(hua)廢(fei)(fei)水處理(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)構(gou)(gou)筑物少(shao)(shao)(shao)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)簡(jian)單，具(ju)有(you)(you)投資小(xiao)、建(jian)造(zao)周期短(duan)，運(yun)行管理(li)(li)(li)靈(ling)活等優(you)(you)點，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)滿(man)足(zu)生(sheng)活小(xiao)區以(yi)(yi)及中小(xiao)企(qi)業(ye)等各(ge)類(lei)(lei)廢(fei)(fei)水處理(li)(li)(li)要求。(2)結構(gou)(gou)緊(jin)湊(cou)，占(zhan)(zhan)地面(mian)積(ji)小(xiao)。大中型(xing)的(de)污水處理(li)(li)(li)廠占(zhan)(zhan)地面(mian)積(ji)大，而我國的(de)土(tu)地資源(yuan)相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)匾(bian)乏，各(ge)類(lei)(lei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)地需求矛盾日(ri)益(yi)尖銳。采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)一(yi)體(ti)(ti)化(hua)污水處理(li)(li)(li)系統(tong)則可(ke)以(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)效減少(shao)(shao)(shao)占(zhan)(zhan)地面(mian)積(ji)，許(xu)多(duo)設(she)備還可(ke)以(yi)(yi)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)地埋式設(she)計，既節約了空(kong)間，同時(shi)也不會對(dui)酒店、住宅小(xiao)區和風景區的(de)景觀造(zao)成破壞，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)滿(man)足(zu)各(ge)種要求，具(ju)有(you)(you)廣泛的(de)適應(ying)性。(3)減少(shao)(shao)(shao)管網的(de)建(jian)設(she)，有(you)(you)效回用(yong)(yong)(yong)廢(fei)(fei)水。隨著生(sheng)活和工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水的(de)逐漸增多(duo)，廢(fei)(fei)水直接排(pai)放(fang)造(zao)成的(de)環境污染(ran)日(ri)益(yi)嚴重(zhong)。如果將大部分處理(li)(li)(li)后的(de)廢(fei)(fei)水進(jin)行重(zhong)新(xin)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，就可(ke)以(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)效節約水資源(yuan)。由于(yu)一(yi)體(ti)(ti)化(hua)設(she)備靈(ling)活多(duo)變的(de)形式，使得污水處理(li)(li)(li)后可(ke)以(yi)(yi)就近回用(yong)(yong)(yong)，不僅減少(shao)(shao)(shao)了管網的(de)建(jian)設(she)投資，而且可(ke)以(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)效減少(shao)(shao)(shao)污水排(pai)放(fang)。
一體化污水處理系統工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)有A/O工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)、SBR工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)、接觸(chu)氧化工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)、MBR工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)等。
1)A/O工(gong)藝
A/O工藝是以(yi)活性(xing)污(wu)泥(ni)作(zuo)(zuo)為生物(wu)載體(ti)，通(tong)過(guo)風機(ji)供氧曝(pu)氣(qi)的(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用使污(wu)水(shui)達到(dao)充(chong)氧的(de)目(mu)的(de)。A池(chi)(chi)(chi)內(nei)設(she)機(ji)械攪拌(ban)(ban)，從O池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)回流(liu)液(ye)(ye)回流(liu)至A池(chi)(chi)(chi)，在A池(chi)(chi)(chi)進行反(fan)硝(xiao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)反(fan)應，將大(da)(da)(da)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)硝(xiao)酸鹽氮(dan)(dan)還原成氮(dan)(dan)氣(qi)，并通(tong)過(guo)攪拌(ban)(ban)使氮(dan)(dan)氣(qi)從廢(fei)水(shui)中溢(yi)出，達到(dao)去除氨(an)氮(dan)(dan)的(de)目(mu)的(de);A池(chi)(chi)(chi)出水(shui)至O池(chi)(chi)(chi)，O池(chi)(chi)(chi)內(nei)設(she)鼓風曝(pu)氣(qi)，去除大(da)(da)(da)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)有(you)機(ji)污(wu)染物(wu)，并將進水(shui)中的(de)大(da)(da)(da)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)氨(an)氮(dan)(dan)轉化(hua)(hua)(hua)成硝(xiao)酸鹽氮(dan)(dan);可以(yi)根據廢(fei)水(shui)的(de)需要(yao)，調整O段池(chi)(chi)(chi)中的(de)活性(xing)污(wu)泥(ni)濃度，通(tong)過(guo)活性(xing)污(wu)泥(ni)中的(de)菌膠團，吸附、氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)并分(fen)解廢(fei)水(shui)中的(de)有(you)機(ji)物(wu);有(you)機(ji)物(wu)、氨(an)氮(dan)(dan)去除率高(gao)(gao)。然而，由(you)于沒有(you)獨立的(de)污(wu)泥(ni)回流(liu)系(xi)統(tong)，從而不能(neng)培養出具有(you)獨特功能(neng)的(de)污(wu)泥(ni)，難(nan)降(jiang)解物(wu)質的(de)降(jiang)解率較低;同(tong)時，若要(yao)提高(gao)(gao)脫(tuo)氮(dan)(dan)效率，必須加大(da)(da)(da)內(nei)循(xun)環比，因而加大(da)(da)(da)了運(yun)行費用。另外，內(nei)循(xun)環液(ye)(ye)來自曝(pu)氣(qi)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，含有(you)一定的(de)DO，使A段難(nan)以(yi)保持理想的(de)缺氧狀態，影響反(fan)硝(xiao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)效果，脫(tuo)氮(dan)(dan)率很難(nan)達到(dao)90%。
3)SBR法
SBR法是近年發展起來的(de)(de)一(yi)種較(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)(wei)先進的(de)(de)活性(xing)污泥(ni)(ni)處理法，該(gai)處理工藝集曝(pu)(pu)(pu)氣(qi)池(chi)、沉淀池(chi)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)體(ti)，連續進水(shui)(shui)，間歇曝(pu)(pu)(pu)氣(qi)，停氣(qi)時(shi)污水(shui)(shui)沉淀撇除上(shang)清液，成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)個周期(qi)，周而復始。SBR法不設(she)沉淀池(chi)，無污泥(ni)(ni)回流設(she)備，但SBR法為(wei)(wei)間歇運行，需設(she)多個處理單元，進水(shui)(shui)和曝(pu)(pu)(pu)氣(qi)相互切換，造成(cheng)(cheng)控制(zhi)(zhi)較(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)(wei)復雜。為(wei)(wei)了確(que)保(bao)溢流率，SBR法對潷水(shui)(shui)器設(she)備制(zhi)(zhi)造要求高，制(zhi)(zhi)作時(shi)必須(xu)精益求精，否則極易(yi)造成(cheng)(cheng)最終出(chu)水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)質不達(da)標。目(mu)前國內還沒有質量較(jiao)(jiao)好(hao)的(de)(de)潷水(shui)(shui)設(she)備，進口設(she)備采購麻煩，且價格昂貴，同時(shi)后期(qi)維修費(fei)用也高。SBR法池(chi)內污泥(ni)(ni)濃度由濃度儀測(ce)定以便控制(zhi)(zhi)排(pai)出(chu)多余污泥(ni)(ni)量，目(mu)前國內濃度儀技(ji)術不成(cheng)(cheng)熟等(deng)原因易(yi)造成(cheng)(cheng)SBR污泥(ni)(ni)排(pai)放控制(zhi)(zhi)困(kun)難(nan)等(deng)問題。
4)接觸氧(yang)化法(fa)
生(sheng)物(wu)接觸氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)法是傳統的生(sheng)化(hua)(hua)處(chu)理方法，生(sheng)物(wu)填(tian)料(liao)為固定床(chuang)上(shang)(shang)的半軟性填(tian)料(liao)。利用(yong)半軟性填(tian)料(liao)作為微生(sheng)物(wu)的附(fu)著(zhu)載體(ti)，生(sheng)物(wu)均(jun)(jun)勻分布在(zai)生(sheng)物(wu)填(tian)料(liao)上(shang)(shang)，這樣就避(bi)免了微生(sheng)物(wu)分布不均(jun)(jun)的現象，同時(shi)，生(sheng)物(wu)附(fu)著(zhu)在(zai)填(tian)料(liao)表面，不隨(sui)水(shui)流(liu)動，因生(sheng)物(wu)膜直(zhi)接受(shou)到上(shang)(shang)升氣流(liu)的強烈攪動，不斷更新，從而提高了凈(jing)化(hua)(hua)效果(guo)。接觸氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)法具有處(chu)理時(shi)間短(duan)、體(ti)積小、凈(jing)化(hua)(hua)效果(guo)好(hao)、出水(shui)水(shui)質(zhi)好(hao)而穩定、污泥不需回(hui)流(liu)也(ye)不膨脹、耗電小等優(you)點。
5)MBR工(gong)藝
MBR是(shi)一種將高效膜(mo)分(fen)離(li)技(ji)術與(yu)傳統(tong)(tong)活性污(wu)(wu)泥法(fa)相結合(he)的新型高效污(wu)(wu)水(shui)處理工(gong)(gong)藝，它用(yong)具(ju)有獨(du)特(te)結構的浸沒(mei)式膜(mo)組件置于(yu)曝(pu)(pu)氣池中，經(jing)過(guo)(guo)好氧曝(pu)(pu)氣和(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)處理后(hou)的水(shui)，由(you)泵通(tong)過(guo)(guo)膜(mo)過(guo)(guo)濾(lv)后(hou)抽出(chu)(chu)。它與(yu)傳統(tong)(tong)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)處理方法(fa)具(ju)有很大區別，取代(dai)了傳統(tong)(tong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)藝中二沉(chen)池和(he)(he)三(san)級處理工(gong)(gong)藝，由(you)于(yu)膜(mo)的存在大大提高了系統(tong)(tong)固液(ye)分(fen)離(li)的能力，從而使系統(tong)(tong)出(chu)(chu)水(shui)水(shui)質(zhi)和(he)(he)容積負(fu)荷都得到大幅度提高，結合(he)不同的工(gong)(gong)藝,出(chu)(chu)水(shui)可以達到景觀用(yong)水(shui)或(huo)雜用(yong)水(shui)標準。由(you)于(yu)膜(mo)的過(guo)(guo)濾(lv)作(zuo)用(yong)，微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)被完全截留(liu)在生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)反(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)中，實現了水(shui)力停(ting)留(liu)時間與(yu)活性污(wu)(wu)泥泥齡(ling)的徹底(di)分(fen)離(li)，消除(chu)了傳統(tong)(tong)活性污(wu)(wu)泥法(fa)中污(wu)(wu)泥膨脹問題。膜(mo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)反(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)具(ju)有對(dui)污(wu)(wu)染物(wu)去除(chu)效率高、硝化(hua)(hua)能力強，可同時進行(xing)硝化(hua)(hua)、反(fan)硝化(hua)(hua)、脫氮效果好、出(chu)(chu)水(shui)水(shui)質(zhi)穩定、剩余污(wu)(wu)泥產量低、設備(bei)緊(jin)湊、操(cao)作(zuo)簡單等(deng)優點。目(mu)前廣(guang)泛應(ying)用(yong)于(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活污(wu)(wu)水(shui)和(he)(he)各種可生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)業廢水(shui)的處理及回用(yong)中。
